The purpose of this referencing guide is to allow you to cite your sources in a complete and homogeneous manner in accordance with the guidelines specific to Isara and Isema, based on the style of the international standard ISO-690: 2010.
General guidelines
When writing a document (file, report, dissertation), you must reference the source of all your exact quotations or paraphrases in order to:
- Justify the content of your document by allowing the reader to assess the validity of the information presented and to further his or her research by reading the sources,
- Respect the intellectual property of the authors on whom you base your work and avoid plagiarism,
- Demonstrate that your document has been thoroughly researched, which reinforces the credibility of your work.
Your bibliography contains a list of bibliographic references for all the sources used (quoted or paraphrased) in your document. It allows your reader to identify and locate your sources.
/!\ This list is presented sorted in alphabetical order of authors’ names and then in chronological order for a given author.
/!\ The bibliography is not presented by type of document.
The bibliography is found at the end of your document (last numbered page).
You will present it in a homogeneous way in the Isara – ISO-690 bibliographic style resulting from the international standard ISO-690: 2010 (in its author-date citation format).
Quotation
To use an excerpt from a book, article, web page or other document (that you did not write yourself) in your work, you must insert a short quotation (in quotation marks) or a paraphrase (rephrasing) in the body of the text.
In all cases, it is necessary to follow the excerpt with a citation associating the information used with the source from which it comes (see next section).
The short quote is also called exact quote. It is an exception to the French “copyright” allowing you to use an extract of a work without asking the author’s permission.
It is essential to indicate the exact text (verbatim) of the original source.
Insert the phrase(s) used between quotation marks, in the body of the text. Use […] to cut a quote.
Pay attention to the size of the quote (size of the excerpt / size of the personal essay).
Paraphrasing is the process of rephrasing an idea from another source by explaining it. It consists in retelling in your own words the idea expressed by another.
Change the order of speech and the structure of sentences, do not be satisfied with synonyms.
Make sure that you respect the meaning of the original text and that you are understandable to your reader.
Citation
When a book, article, or other document is quoted or paraphrased in the body of the text, a citation in the format (Author, Date) must always indicate the resource cited.
/!\ The citation is found just after the quoted extract in quotation marks or paraphrased.
It is the link between the quotation in the body of the text and the corresponding bibliographic reference which is found in the bibliography at the end of the document.
It will be structured in the same way whatever the type of document: book, article, thesis, web page…
The form of the citation (or citation call) depends on the bibliographic style used.
For your reports and dissertations at Isara and Isema, you must use the “author date” system.
You will not use numerical citation calls ([1], [2]…) or footnotes.
/!\ The citation call is identified, whatever the type of document, by the author’s last name and the year, indicated in brackets.
For example: (FAO, 2017).
When a paper has more than two authors, cite the 1st author followed by the phrase “et al.” :
- One author: (Lamine, 2003)
- Two authors: (Lamine, Chateauraynaud, 2007)
- Three or more authors: (Lamine et al., 2010)
- (Mundler, Valorge, 2015)
- “For we are entering an era where, in the face of human planning, nature will decide and set limits” (Rabhi, 2008).
Eventually, you can specify in the parenthesis the page or section of pages consulted in a book or article.
- According to a study conducted in several countries (FAO, 1990, pp. 12-15), the issue of agro-ecology is becoming prevalentโฆ
When you want to indicate that you are citing an idea that is present in the same form in several different sources, include the citation calls in a single parenthesis, in alphabetical order and separated by a semicolon: (Lamine, 2003; Lecrayon, 2017).
Each source will have a separate bibliographic reference in the final bibliography.
Writing bibliographic references
In this section you will find an example of a complete bibliographic reference for various types of physical or digital resources.
A bibliographic reference is defined as the set of elements that describe a document or a resource and allow it to be clearly identified and located.
The elements that make up the bibliographic reference vary according to the type of document and the medium of the document. The way they are presented (order, formatting) depends on the bibliographic style used.
/!\ Some elements of a bibliographic reference are in all cases essential to the complete description of a resource:
- One or more names of the author(s): person or legal entity / collective (organization, company, community…)
- A date (year of publication, publication, online publication…)
- A title
- A publisher (or distributor, host…)
Other elements may appear for specific types of documents or media (see below the section I want to reference…):
- For a book: mention of edition, place of publication, ISBN, number of pages
- For a journal: title of the publication, volume numbering, ISSN
Formatting
The author’s last name is indicated in capital letters in the bibliographic reference, followed by his or her full first name if known.
The title of a book or a journal is in italics.
Several authors
When a document has more than two authors:
– in the citation, mention the 1st author followed by the mention “et al.”.
– in the bibliography, if possible, transcribe all the authors.
Several sources from the same author
To differentiate between several documents by the same author published in the same year, the dates in the citation and the bibliographic reference are followed by a distinct letter (a, b, c…).
Mention of an international standard number
If possible, indicate the ISBN for books and the DOI (digital object identifier), which is an alternative to URLs that allows for permanent identification of online articles.
Digital document
Always indicate [en ligne] in square brackets after the title. Do not forget to indicate the [date of consultation], the complete URL and/or the DOI.
Partial document
To reference only a part of a document (chapter of a book, deep web page…), remember to indicate after the title the mention “In:” followed by the title of the book or the name of the site.
Atypical document
If the resource is not a printed or digital text, specify its nature in brackets after the title of the document. Examples: [DVD], [podcast], [software], [map], [photograph], [poster], etc.
If you use Zotero, don’t forget to add it manually in the Title field.
You can write your citation calls and references manually, or use software that will allow you to automate these actions.
Zotero is a free, open source, bibliographic reference management software that allows you to automatically record, cite and reference various types of physical or digital resources.
You can find instructions and tutorials (installation and handling of the software) on the page dedicated to the Zotero user guide on this website.
I want to reference...
Bibliographic reference model
AUTHOR(S), year of publication. Title of work: subtitle. Volume and edition if applicable. Place of publication: Commercial publisher.
Examples
MUNDLER, Patrick et VALORGE, Fabien, 2015. Ateliers de transformation collectifs : Enjeux et outils pour rรฉussir. Dijon : Educagri. ISBN 978-2-84444-980-1.
BELMER Jean. Pour un urbanisme de projet : de lโamรฉnagement au renouvellement urbain [en ligne]. Vol.1. 3ed. Paris : Ellipses, 2011, 185 p. (Technosup, 3). [Consultรฉ le 17 mars 2013]. Disponible ร lโadresse : www.editions-ellipses.fr. ISBN 978-2-7298-6499-6.
LICHTFOUSE, Eric (รฉd.), 2012. Agroecology and strategies for climate change. New York : Springer. Sustainable agriculture reviews, 8. ISBN 978-94-007-1904-0.
Zotero
Books should be entered in the Book document type.
For a book consulted on the Web, indicate the mention [en ligne], the URL or DOI and the date of consultation.
The pagination, the collection and the ISBN are optional. Indicate the edition if it is not the first.
Bibliographic reference model
AUTHOR(S) of chapter, year of publication. Title of chapter. In: Title of the book. Volume and edition if applicable. Place of publication: Commercial publisher, pagination of the chapter.
Examples
MONDY, Bernard, 2014. Des premiรจres Cuma de diversification aux ATC, vers une รฉvolution des formes coopรฉratives de production ? In : Ateliers de transformation collectifs. Dijon : Educagri, 297 p. ISBN 978-2-84444-980-1.
OCDE, 2005. Analyse du climat. In : Contre vents et marรฉesโฏ: les politiques de dรฉveloppement face au changement climatique [en ligne]. Paris : OCDE, pp. 230-374. [Consultรฉ le 31 octobre 2012]. Disponible ร lโadresse : http://www.oecd.org/fr/.
Zotero
The book chapters are to be filled in the document type Book section.
The collection and the ISBN are optional.
Bibliographic reference model
AUTHOR(S) or ORGANIZER, year. Title of article or proceedings. In: Title of event, place, full date. Place of publication: Commercial publisher, full date of publication.
Examples
FLEURY, Philippe, CHAZOULE, Carole et PEIGNร, Josรฉphine, 2011. Agriculture biologique et agriculture de conservation : ruptures et transversalitรฉs entre deux communautรฉs de pratiques. In : Les transversalitรฉs de lโagriculture biologique, Strasbourg, 23-24 juin 2011. Strasbourg : SFER, 2011.
CONFรRENCE DES NATIONS UNIES SUR LE DรVELOPPEMENT DURABLE, 2012. Lโรฉconomie verte. [en ligne]. In : Confรฉrence des Nations unies sur le dรฉveloppement durable, Rio, 20-22 juin 2012. [Consultรฉ le 17 mai 2013]. Disponible ร lโadresse : https://www.uncsd2012.org/.
Zotero
The type of document Conference paper includes proceedings and articles from colloquiums, conferences, symposiums or congresses.
In the case of a communication paper, proceed as for a book chapter.
Enter the title of the proceedings or the title of the symposium in the Proceedings title or Conference name field.
The pagination and ISBN are optional.
Bibliographic reference model
AUTHOR(S) or ORGANIZATION, year of publication. Dataset name (ID code if applicable) [Type]. In: Name of website where dataset can be downloaded [online]. Full date of publication or update. [Accessed dd mm yyyy]. Disponible ร l’adresse : URL.
Examples
EUROSTAT, 2018. Surface agricole couverte par lโagriculture biologique (Code : sdg_02_40) [Jeu de donnรฉes]. Inย : Eurostatโฏ- Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table [enย ligne]. 17 aoรปt 2018. [Consultรฉย leย 3ย fรฉvrierย 2019]. Disponible ร lโadresseย : https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=fr&pcode=sdg_02_40&plugin=1.
OPEN FOOD FACTS, 2014. Produits alimentairesโฏ: ingrรฉdients, nutrition, labels [Jeu de donnรฉes]. Inย : Data.gouv.fr [enย ligne]. 4 septembre 2014. [Consultรฉย leย 3ย fรฉvrierย 2019]. Disponible ร lโadresseย : https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/produits-alimentaires-ingredients-nutrition-labels/#_.
Zotero
The data sets are to be filled in the Web page document type.
Indicate the author of the data and the last date of update.
Do not forget to mention the type of resource in square brackets after the title
For sites working with a code identification system, like Eurostat, specify it in the title.
Bibliographic reference model
AUTHOR(S), year of publication. Title of the article. In: Title of the Encyclopedia. Volume if relevant. Place of publication: Publisher.
Examples
DUCERF, Gรฉrard, 2008. Scrophulariacรฉes (ex solanรฉes). In : Lโencyclopรฉdie des plantes bio-indicatrices. Vol.2. Briant, p. 311.
TECHNIQUES DE LโINGรNIEUR, 2018. Biotechnologie [f]. Inย : Dictionnaire technique multilingue [enย ligne]. Techniques de lโIngรฉnieur. [Consultรฉย leย 22ย juinย 2018]. Disponible ร lโadresseย : https://www.techniques-ingenieur.fr/lexique/biotechnologie-f-9790.html.
Zotero
They are to be filled in the document type Dictionary entry or Encyclopedia article.
The pagination, the collection and the ISBN are optional.
Bibliographic reference model
NAME OF CODE or AUTHOR(S) or PUBLISHING AUTHORITY, year of publication. Title or specific reference of text, paragraph or article. Website name [online]. Full date of publication or update. [Accessed dd mm yyyy]. Available at: URL.
Examples
โCODE DE LโENVIRONNEMENT, 2016. Section 1โฏ: Conservation de sites dโintรฉrรชt gรฉologique, dโhabitats naturels, dโespรจces animales ou vรฉgรฉtales et de leurs habitats โ Article L411-1. Lรฉgifrance [enย ligne]. 8 aoรปt 2016. [Consultรฉย leย 16ย juinย 2021]. Disponible ร lโadresseย : https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000033035411/.
CODE LA SANTร PUBLIQUE, 2007. Livre 1erโฏ: Produits pharmaceutiques. Article L5111-1โฏ: Dรฉfinitions. Lรฉgifrance [enย ligne]. 27 fรฉvrier 2007. [Consultรฉย leย 21ย marsย 2018]. Disponible ร lโadresseย : https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006689867&idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006171363&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006072665&dateTexte=20180321.
Zotero
The document type Billย proposed by the software is restrictive to use. We suggest that you reference these documents using the Web Page type.
Indicate the complete title and the reference of the text/article or the number of the publication for the “JO” and “BO” in the Title field.
As the codes do not have an author, you can indicate their title as Author for more readability for your reader, especially in the citation call.
The date to be entered is that of the law, decree or Official Journal bulletin that published or modified the article in question. It is provided by Lรฉgifrance after “Modifiรฉ par LOI nยฐโฆ”.
Bibliographic reference model
AUTHOR(S), year of publication. Patent title. Patent number. Complete date of publication of the patent.
Examples
CHUAN, Zhao, 2017. Procรฉdรฉ dโamรฉlioration de lโactivitรฉ catalytique. WO2017091858 (A1). 8 juin 2017.
GARCIA CASTELBLANCO, Roberto, 2018. Procรฉdรฉ dโobtention dโune masse radiculaire ร partir de semences vรฉgรฉtales et masse radiculaire ainsi obtenue [enย ligne]. Demande de brevet europรฉen EP3332632. 13 juin 2018. [Consultรฉย leย 28ย juinย 2018]. Disponible ร lโadresseย : https://bases-brevets.inpi.fr/
Zotero
They are to be filled in the document type Patent.
The author is the inventor, the applicant or the patent holder.
The filing date and the application number are optional.
Bibliographic reference model
AUTHOR(S), year of publication. Title of the article. Title of periodical. Complete date of publication. Volume, number, pagination. URL or DOI (if online).
Examples
VALENTINI, Jean-Luc, 2016. Rรฉguler des auxiliaires par les oiseaux et les chiroptรจres. La Luciole. Dรฉcembre 2016. Nยฐ14, p.7.
WEZEL, A., BELLON, S., DORร, T., FRANCIS, C., VALLOD, D. et DAVID, C., 2009. Agroecology as a science, a movement and a practice. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development [enย ligne]. Dรฉcembre 2009. Vol.ย 29, nยฐย 4, p.503โ515. [Consultรฉย leย 10ย marsย 2018]. DOIย 10.1051/agro/2009004. Disponible ร lโadresseย : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00886499. ISSN: 1773-0155.
Zotero
They are to be filled in the type of document Journal article, which includes daily newspaper, magazine and scientific journal articles.
In the case of an online article, fill in the DOI field if it is known, otherwise the URL field.
The ISSN is optional.
Bibliographic reference model
AUTHOR(S) or CREATING ORGANIZATION, year of publication. Name of the software or program + version [Type]. Name of the Web site where to download the software or program [online]. Complete date of publication or update. [Accessed on dd mm yyyy]. Available at: URL.
Example
MOZILLA FOUNDATION, 2019. Mozilla Firefox 65.0 [Logiciel]. Inย : Mozilla [enย ligne]. 29 janvier 2019. [Consultรฉย leย 1ย fรฉvrierย 2019]. Disponible ร lโadresseย : https://www.mozilla.org/fr/firefox/new/.
Zotero
Software and programs are to be entered in the document type Web page or Software.
Indicate the version number if possible.
Don’t forget to mention the type of source in brackets after the title.
Bibliographic reference model
PUBLISHER OF THE STANDARD, year of publication. Title of the standard: subtitle. Reference of the standard. Place of publication: Commercial publisher.
Examples
AFNOR, 2015. Qualitรฉ du sol โ Test vรฉgรฉtal pour lโรฉvaluation de la biodisponibilitรฉ environnementale des รฉlรฉments traces pour les vรฉgรฉtaux. NF EN ISO 16198. La Plaine Saint-Denis : Association franรงaise de normalisation.
AFNOR, 2010. Principes directeurs pour la rรฉdaction des rรฉfรฉrences bibliographiques et des citations des ressources dโinformation. NF ISO 690ย : 2010 [enย ligne]. La Plaine Saint-Denis : Association franรงaise de normalisation, 42 p. [Consultรฉย leย 19ย juinย 2018]. Disponible ร lโadresseย : https://sagaweb.afnor.org/.
Zotero
The standards are to be entered in the Book document type.
Enter the publisher or the author in the Author field and the title and reference of the standard in the Title field.
The pagination is optional.
Bibliographic reference model
AUTHOR, year of defense. Full title. Type (thesis, dissertation, report) and discipline or specialty. Place of defense : Institution of defense, number of pages.
Examples
VINCENT, Audrey, 2016. Lโagriculture biologique comme rรฉponse ร la pollution de lโeau. Thรจse de doctorat en Gรฉographie, amรฉnagement et urbanisme. Lyon : Universitรฉ Lumiรจre Lyon 2, 447p.
DUCHENE, Olivier, 2016. Relations entre cรฉrรฉale et lรฉgumineuse associรฉes en agriculture biologique. Mรฉmoire de fin dโรฉtudes (MFE). Lyon : ISARA-Lyon, 80p.
JAVAHERI, Mahsa, 2009. Analyse expรฉrimentale de la consommation de fruits et lรฉgumes [en ligne]. Thรจse de doctorat en Sciences รฉconomiques.ย Angers : Universitรฉ dโAngers, 191 p. [Consultรฉ le 25/10/2012]. Disponible sur : http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/45/93/81/PDF/these-Javaheri26oct09.pdf
Zotero
Academic writings (including Isara and Isema MFEs) must be entered in the Thesis type.
Bibliographic reference model
AUTHOR(S) or ORGANIZATION, year of publication. Title of article or page. Website name [online]. Full date of publication or update. [Accessed dd mm yyyy]. Available at: URL.
Examples
FAO, 2018. Plateforme des connaissances sur lโagroรฉcologie. Organisation des Nations Unies pour lโalimentation et lโagriculture [en ligne]. 15 mai 2018. [Consultรฉ le 29 mai 2018]. Disponible ร lโadresse : http://www.fao.org/agroecology/fr/.
ISARA, 2012. LโISARA-Lyon, une รฉcole dโingรฉnieurs au cลur de la vie. Youtube [en ligne]. 31 octobre 2012. [Consultรฉ le 15/06/2017]. Disponible ร lโadresse : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URsfkkYdVd8.
KHOJANDI, Kyan, 2012.ย Cโest pas parce que tu mets une citation entre guillemets que รงa te donne le droit de ne pas en citer la source. Twitter [en ligne]. 1 mai 2012. [Consultรฉ le 31 aoรปt 2016]. Disponible ร lโadresse : https://twitter.com/kyank/status/197336333314834433.
โKOVALEVSKY, Olec, 2017. Mettre en ลuvre le principe dโamรฉlioration continue dans un SMQ โ Refโฏ: TIP592WEB. Techniques de lโIngรฉnieur [en ligne]. 28 fรฉvrier 2017. [Consultรฉ le 29 mars 2021]. Disponible ร lโadresse : https://www.techniques-ingenieur.fr/fiche-pratique/genie-industriel-th6/piloter-et-animer-la-qualite-dt34/mettre-en-uvre-le-principe-d-amelioration-continue-dans-un-smq-0556/.
ZOTERO, 2018. Introducing ZoteroBib: Perfect bibliographies in minutes. Zotero Blog [en ligne]. 14 mai 2018. [Consultรฉ le 15 mai 2018]. Disponible ร lโadresse : https://www.zotero.org/blog/introducing-zoterobib/.
Zotero
Articles from websites and blogs, social network pages, online videos and podcasts should be entered in the Web page type.